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The manufactures of Manchester, Birmingham, and Wolverhampton,

are many of them, upon this account, not within the statute, not

having been exercised in England before the 5th of Elizabeth.

In France, the duration of apprenticeships is different in

different towns and in different trades. In Paris, five years is

the term required in a great number; but, before any person can

be qualified to exercise the trade as a master, he must, in many

of them, serve five years more as a journeyman. During this

latter term, he is called the companion of his master, and the

term itself is called his companionship.