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Chia Lin: "In presence of the enemy, your troops should be

arrayed in normal fashion, but in order to secure victory

abnormal manoeuvers must be employed." Mei Yao-ch'en: "Ch'i is

active, cheng is passive; passivity means waiting for an

opportunity, activity brings the victory itself." Ho Shih: "We

must cause the enemy to regard our straightforward attack as one

that is secretly designed, and vice versa; thus cheng may also be

ch'i, and ch'i may also be cheng." He instances the famous

exploit of Han Hsin, who when marching ostensibly against

Lin-chin (now Chao-i in Shensi), suddenly threw a large force

across the Yellow River in wooden tubs, utterly disconcerting his

opponent. [Ch'ien Han Shu, ch. 3.] Here, we are told, the march

on Lin-chin was cheng, and the surprise manoeuver was ch'i."

Chang Yu gives the following summary of opinions on the words:

"Military writers do not agree with regard to the meaning of ch'i

and cheng. Wei Liao Tzŭ [4th cent.