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Fourthly, the variations in the price of labour not only do not

correspond, either in place or time, with those in the price of

provisions, but they are frequently quite opposite.

Grain, the food of the common people, is dearer in Scotland than

in England, whence Scotland receives almost every year very large

supplies. But English corn must be sold dearer in Scotland, the

country to which it is brought, than in England, the country from

which it comes; and in proportion to its quality it cannot be

sold dearer in Scotland than the Scotch corn that comes to the

same market in competition with it. The quality of grain depends

chiefly upon the quantity of flour or meal which it yields at the

mill; and, in this respect, English grain is so much superior to

the Scotch, that though often dearer in appearance, or in

proportion to the measure of its bulk, it is generally cheaper in

reality, or in proportion to its quality, or even to the measure

of its weight. The price of labour, on the contrary, is dearer in

England than in Scotland.