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79 [An old jingle expressing the equality before the law of all

members of the Polish gentry.]

80 [Maciej Stryjkowski (1547-83) wrote a famous chronicle that is

one of the sources for the early history of Lithuania.

"Polish heraldry is comparatively simple beside that of other

countries. The use of family names was unknown till the fifteenth

century; before that the different branches of one stock were

only recognised by one common escutcheon. One might belong to the

stock of the arrow, the two daggers, the horseshoe, the double or

triple cross, etc. There were only 540 of these escutcheons for

the whole of Poland. A great number of families were grouped

together under each one of these signs; we shall often find a man

described as being of such and such a crest."-M. A. Biggs.