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In some of the larger towns there are artels of a much more

complex kind- permanent associations, possessing large capital,

and pecuniarily responsible for the acts of the individual

members." The word "artel," despite its apparent similarity, has,

Mr Aylmer Maude assures me, no connection with "ars" or "arte."

Its root is that of the verb "rotisya," to bind oneself by an

oath; and it is generally admitted to be only another form of

"rota," which now signifies a "regimental company." In both words

the underlying idea is that of a body of men united by an oath.

"Tribu" were possibly gentile groups, united by common descent,

and included individuals connected by marriage. Perhaps our words

"sects" or "clans" would be most appropriate.

CHAPTER XXII. CONCERNING THE SECRETARIES OF PRINCES